URL: http://www.foodrisk.umd.edu/hazard/biological/bar/bacteria.cfm

General Bacteria

This page includes links to information about bacteria in general and specific bacteria other than Bacillus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, E. coli, Enterobacter, Listeria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, or Vibrio.

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	Wesley, IV; Rostagno, M; Hurd, HS; Trampel, DW	Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Market-Weight Turkeys On-Farm and at Slaughter The primary goal of this study was to compare the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in viscera of normally fed, commercially reared market-weight turkeys killed onfarm with those of fasted cohorts after commercial live haul, resting, and slaughter at the abattoir. To minimize differences in farm management practices, birds were sampled from premises that belonged to members of a growers' cooperative and utilized the same live haul company for transport to the single abattoir. (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, August 26, 2008	Apr 29, 2009
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food --- 10 States, 2008 This report describes preliminary surveillance data for 2008 and trends since 1996 of enteric pathogens transmitted commonly through food. Data was collected on cases of infection caused by Campylobacter, Listeria, Salmonella, STEC:O157 and STEC non-O157 strains, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora in 10 participating states. (more) Publication Date: Friday, April 10, 2009	Apr 20, 2009
	Huang, Y; Haas, CN	Time-Dose-Response Models for Microbial Risk Assessment This article will examine methods for predicting the risk over time following an exposure to microbiological agents, with particular reference to agents that could be used maliciously. The dose-response modeling will be refined via development of models that predict not only the ultimate response of an exposed population but also the response as a function of time post inoculation (TPI). Data was collected from studies involving the pathogens Yersina pestis, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, January 29, 2009	Apr 6, 2009
	European Food Safety Authority	Assessment of the Public Health significance of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals and foods This report describes a scientific opinion performed by the Panel on Biological Hazards of EFSA on the assessment of the public health significance of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Included in the assessment are the Hazard Identification and the Hazard Characterization, followed by the Exposure Assessment and Control Options. This report focuses on food-producing animals, humans in close contact with food-producing animals, and the general public. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, March 5, 2009	Mar 30, 2009
	Cuite, CL; Schefske, SD; Randolph, EM; Hooker, NH; Nucci, ML; Hallman, WK	Public Response to the Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak of 2008 Concerning the 2008 Salmonella Saintpaul outbreak, this report addresses the following issues: whether Americans were aware of the outbreak, and where they first heard about it; what consumers did in response to the outbreak; whether Americans knew the tomato warning had been lifted; and whether Americans returend to consuming tomatoes after the warning was lifted. Data was drawn from a national telephone survey of 1,101 representatives from 50 states, weighted to approximately represent the 2008 United States Census figures. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, January 29, 2009	Mar 30, 2009
	Sheen, S; Hwang, CA	Modeling Transfer of Listeria monocytogenes from Slicer to Deli Meat During Mechanical Slicing In this study, transfer of L. monocytogenes from one contact surface to another for Ready-to-Eat deli meats with a delicatessen or restaurant type slicer was investigated. The objectives were to achieve the surface transfer model development and to predict the cross-contamination for the slicing operation. Two cross-contamination routes were studied for model development: (1) L. monocytogenes–contaminated blade to ham (Case I), and (2) L. monocytogenes–contaminated ham to blade and then to uncontaminated ham (Case II). (more) Publication Month: April 2008	Mar 9, 2009
	Latimer, HJ; Marks, HM; Coleman, ME; Schlosser, WD; Golden, NJ; Ebel, ED; Kause, J; Schroeder, CM	Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pasteurization for Reducing Human Illnesses from Salmonella spp. in Egg Products: Results of a Quantitative Risk Assessment The purpose of the report presented here is to provide an overview and summary of the FSIS risk assessment for Salmonella in egg products. As part of the process for developing risk-based performance standards for egg product processing, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) undertook a quantitative microbial risk assessment for Salmonella spp. in pasteurized egg products. The assessment was designed to assist risk managers in evaluating egg handling and pasteurization performance standards for reducing the likelihood of Salmonella in pasteurized egg products and the subsequent risk to human health. (more) Publication Month: February 2008	Mar 9, 2009
	French Food Safety Agency	Quantitative risk assessment for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in frozen beef burgers consumed at home in France by children under the age of 16 A quantitative risk assessment was conducted in 2007 for the consumption of beef burgers containing Shiga toxin-producing Eschericha coli by children under the age of 16 in France. Bibliographical data and missing consumption data was obtained to perform the risk assessment, and a mathematical model was developed for an approximate calculation of the average probability of developing a haemolytic uraemic syndrome depending on the pathogen concentration in frozen meet, following the consumption at home of a beef burger bought frozen from the French food industry. This is a summary of the completed risk assessment, which can be found at the French Food Safety Agency website. The original risk assessment is in French. (more) Publication Month: October 2007	Mar 4, 2009
	Schroeder, CM; Latimer, HJ, Schlosser, WD; Golden, NJ; Marks, HM; Coleman, ME; Hogue, AT; Ebel, ED; Quiring, NM; Kadry, AM; Kause, J	Overview and Summary of the Food Safety and Inspection Service Risk Assessment for Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs, October 2005 This report provides an overview and summarizes findings of the Food Safety and Inspection Service risk assessment for S. Enteritidis in shell eggs. Specifically, this report examines the impact of pasteurization and rapid cooling of shell eggs after lay on illnesses from S. Enteritidis in the United States consumer population. (more) Publication Date: Friday, December 1, 2006	Feb 26, 2009
	Panisello, PJ; Quantick, PC	Applicatioin of Food MicroModel predictive software in the development of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems This paper describes the role of Food MicroModel (FMM) as a supporting instrument for microbial risk assessment in the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system using a meat product, pˆat´e, as an example. The effect of lowering the pH of pˆat´e is used to illustrate the advantage of modeling in assessing risks, product formulation variations, helping the decision-making as to whether or not the product is safe, as well as HACCP development. (more) Publication Month: August 1998	Feb 23, 2009
	Food Safety and Inspection Service	Microbiological Testing Program for Pasteurized Egg Products Results of FSIS testing for Salmonella in pasteurized egg products. Eggs are randomly selected from egg processing establishments. Historical data from 1995-2007 is included. (more) Publication Date: Friday, June 27, 2008	Feb 18, 2009
	Ruby, JR; Ingham, SC	Use of Enterobacteriaceae Analysis Results for Predicting Absence of Salmonella Serovars on Beef Carcasses The objective of this study was to examine the general accuracy of Enterobacteriaceae-negative results as a predictor of the absence of Salmonella contamination on postintervention beef carcasses by examining data sets obtained from three previous large-volume abattoirs during a more recent 7-month period, and at a small-volume abattoir over a 4-month period. Data sets were obtained from analysis of carcass sponge samples collected from three commercial beef abattoirs located in geographically different regions of the United States: the East (A), the Midwest (B), and the Southwest (C), and samples were collected at six different steps throughout carcass processing. (more) Publication Month: February 2009	Feb 11, 2009
	Cabrera-Diaz, E; Moseley, TM; Lucia, LM; Dickson, JS; Castillo, A; Acuff, GR	Fluorescent Protein–Marked Escherichia coli Biotype I Strains as Surrogates for Enteric Pathogens in Validation of Beef Carcass Interventions The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of E. coli biotype I strains as surrogates for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella for the validation of beef carcass interventions. E. coli biotype I strains that expressed fluorescent proteins were used to compare growth characteristics, resistance, attachment properties, and responses to beef carcass interventions with those properties of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella strains. (more) Publication Month: February 2009	Feb 11, 2009
	Food and Drug Administration	National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System – Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): 2005 Executive Report This report summarizes, in an integrated format, National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System data on Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates recovered in 2005 from food animals at federally inspected plants, retail meats, and human clinical cases. The report also includes susceptibility data on Escherichia coli isolates recovered from retail meats and chickens in 2005. For comparison purposes, summary data from prior years are included. (more) Publication Year: 2009	Feb 9, 2009
	Food and Drug Administration	National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System – Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): 2005 Executive Report - Interactive Graphs These graphs serve as a supplement to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System - Enteric Bacteria (NARMS) 2005 Executive Report. This page includes links to two interactive graphs. The graphs allow users to visualize the percent resistance among NARMS Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates from humans, retail meats, and food animals by year. The graphs are dynamic and users can select the antimicrobial agent(s) and isolate source(s) to be viewed. (more) Publication Year: 2009	Feb 9, 2009
	Syposs, Z; Reichart, O; Mészáros, L	Microbiological risk assessment in the beverage industry This report describes a risk assessment of Klebsiella oxytoca in the beverage industry. A mathematical model was used to describe the effects of chlorination and industrial water treatment, and a Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the probabilistic distributions of the parameters. In addition, a Pilot Plant was used to validate the model for a six month period. (more) Publication Month: July 2005	Jan 23, 2009
	Donovan, EP; Staskal, DF; Unice, KM; Roberts, JD; Haws, LC; Finley, BL; Harris, MA	Risk of Gastrointestinal Disease Associated with Exposure to Pathogens in the Sediments of the Lower Passaic River This report describes an assessment of the health risk imposed by microbial contamination of river sediments near combined sewer overflows in the Lower Passaic River in northern New Jersey. The analysis investigates fecal coliform, total coliform, fecal Streptococcus, fecal Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Giardia lambia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. (more) Publication Month: February 2008	Jan 22, 2009
	Donovan, E; Unice, K; Roberts, JD; Harris, M; Finley, B	Risk of Gastrointestinal Disease Associated with Exposure to Pathogens in the Water of the Lower Passaic River This report describes an assessment of the health risk imposed by microbial contamination of river waters near combined sewer overflows in the Lower Passaic River in northern New Jersey. The analysis investigates fecal coliform, total coliform, fecal Streptococcus, and fecal Enterococcus. (more) Publication Month: February 2008	Jan 22, 2009
	Havelaar, A	Methodological choices for calculating the disease burden and cost-of-illness of foodborne zoonoses in European countries This report describes the methods of calculating the costs of illness of foodborne zoonoses in European countries proposed by MED-VET-nET. Specifically, this report details the calculation of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) as the sum of the number of years of life lost due to mortality (YLL) and the number of years of life lost due to disability (YLD), and the calculation of the Cost of Illness as the sum of direct health care costs (DHC), direct non-health care costs (DNHC), and indirect non-health care costs (INHC). (more) Publication Month: August 2007	Jan 16, 2009
	Wong, D.M.A. LF; Pires, SM; MVN WP14 Working Group, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Reseaerch	Pre-harvest risk assessment - an inventory of European studies This report is a collection of pre-harvest microbial risk assessments. Models for all the major food-animal production types, including pigs, beef and dairy cattle, and broilers, have been included. The objectives of the pre-harvest models are to integrate in a food-chain risk assessment, estimate the risk of human infection through exposure to animals or animal products, and identify intervention strategies at the farm level. Appendices include data sheets for Salmonella, Enterococcus faecium, VTEC O157, Campylobacter, BSE, Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis, and low and high pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, February 28, 2006	Jan 16, 2009
	Wong, D.M.A. LF; Evers, EG; Mangen, M-JJ; Noremark, M; Snary, EL; Stellbrink, E; Velthuis, AGJ	Integration of Economic Modelling and Pre-harvest Microbial Risk Assessment This report offers various perspectives on cost-benefit analysis of pre-harvest control options for farmers and consumers, specifically focusing on avoiding productions losses while minimizing public health risks associated with diseases and pathogens. Also included is a brief comparison of economic modeling in pre-harvest risk assessments and Animal Health Economics, Types of Economic Analysis, Types of Costs and Benefits, Costs and Benefits of Control and Intervention Options, and Two Examples of Pre-Harvest cost and Benefit. In addition, there is one appendix attached, which contains an article entitled "Two press-releases from the Swedish egg-producing company Svenska agg and links to website with more information". (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, February 28, 2006	Jan 16, 2009
	Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Scientific Panel AHAW concerning Brucellosis Diagnostic Methods for Bovines, Sheep, and Goats Upon request by the European Commission for an assessment of the available scientific data on brucellosis diagnostic tests, EFSA issued a scientific opinion on the suitability of current and new tests for the diagnosis of brucellosis in bovines, sheep, and goats. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, February 9, 2006	Apr 6, 2007
	Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Scientific Panel BIOHAZ Related to the Public Health Risks of Feeding Farmed Animals with Ready-to-use Dairy Products without Further Treatment (Question No EFSA-Q-2004-161) Opinion adopted on March 15-16, 2006 concerning the use of different kinds of ready-to-use Category 3 milk, milk-based products and milk-derived products to feed farmed animals and its impact on public health. (more) Deadline: Thursday, April 13, 2006 Publication Date: Wednesday, April 12, 2006	Apr 13, 2006
	European Food Safety Authority	The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in the European Union in 2004 Report on zoonotic agents and zoonoses in the EU in 2004. Includes data on levels of agents in foods and foodborne outbreaks and on antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli. (more) Deadline: Monday, January 9, 2006 Publication Date: Wednesday, December 21, 2005	Jan 9, 2006
	Kyprianou, M.	Draft Commission Regulation of on Microbiological Criteria for Foodstuffs (Text with EEA Relevance) Draft European Commission regulation regarding microbiological criteria for certain microorganisms in foods, including food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria. Microorganisms or toxins covered include Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, staphylococcal enterotoxins, Enterobacter sakazakii, E. coli, histamine, and more. (more) Deadline: Monday, December 5, 2005 Publication Year: 2005	Dec 5, 2005
	Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases, World Health Organization	Food Safety and Streptococcus suis Fact sheet regarding contracting Streptococcus suis from infected pork meat. Deadline: Tuesday, October 11, 2005	Oct 11, 2005
	Hansen, J. Norman; Ali, Laila H.	Study of Nisin and Sublancin: A Strategy for Protection of the United States Food Supply from Pathogenic Bacterial Spores Introduced through Bio-terrorism Presentation given at the Research Presentation Symposium held on November 18, 2004 on a study of nisin and sublancin as inhibitors of germination and outgrowth of bacterial spores. (more) Deadline: Wednesday, August 10, 2005 Publication Date: Thursday, November 18, 2004	Aug 10, 2005
	Drinking Water Systems Center, NSF International	Drinking Water Systems Center Verification Reports & Statements Verification statements for drinking water systems. Systems were tested for arsenic, Cryptosporidium/Giardia or Cryptosporidium-/Giardia-sized particles, viruses, bacteria and bacteria-sized particles, and disinfection by-products. (more)	Jul 12, 2005
	Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine	Final report of the BgVV Working Group "Probiotic Microorganism Cultures in Food" This group reviewed the use of adding bacteria to food: which bacteria are added, the claimed health effects, and the quantity needed to have health effects. The group concluded that the traditionally-used lactic acid-producing bacteria were safe and outlined criteria for evaluation of other cultures. (more) Publication Month: October 1999	Jun 7, 2005
	Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, Agriculture, Biosecurity, Nutrition and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations	Probiotics Information about effects of food, especially milk products, with added live microbes (probiotics) on human health.	May 3, 2005
	Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on "Bacillus cereus and Other Bacillus spp in Foodstuffs" Opinion adopted on January 26-27, 2005 that presents hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and control information for Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, April 7, 2005	Apr 25, 2005
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Food Safety Threats This page links to FAQs and technical overviews on agents that could be intentional threats to food safety.	Apr 19, 2005
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Brucellosis Information and fact sheets on brucellosis, including information on laboratory testing, surveillance, and more.	Apr 19, 2005
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Anthrax Information and fact sheets on anthrax, including information on diagnosis, infection control, laboratory testing, surveillance, and more. (more)	Apr 19, 2005
		Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food --- 10 Sites, United States, 2004 This article discusses 2004 surveillance data for Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Comparisons are made for data from 1996-2004. (more) Publication Date: Friday, April 15, 2005	Apr 18, 2005
	COST 920 Working Group 3: Quantitative Risk Assessment, COST Action 920	Inventory of QMRA Studies in Europe Listing of quantitative microbiological risk assessments, organized by pathogen and country. Links to further information for each study, including summary, availability, and contact person. (more)	Feb 8, 2005
	Dunn, Son and Stone	Microbe Growth in Custard and Cream Products Report of a study on the growth of Bacillus cereus, coagulase positive Staphylococci, and E. coli in custard and cream based products over time. (more)	Dec 20, 2004
	City of Yarra/Swinburne University of Technology	Report on the Wash Hand Basin Project Report of a study of the effectiveness of manual and hands free wash basins in reducing microbes on hands. Appendices include "Survey," "Data Summaries," and "Evaluation results". (more) Publication Month: April 2002	Dec 20, 2004
	Brady, Gabrielle; Kelly, John	The Assessment of the Public Health Risk Associated with the Simultaneous Handling of Food and Money in the Food Industry Report of a study of the levels of Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and coagulase positive Staphylococci on money and foods in food establishments. (more)	Dec 20, 2004
	Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne	Home Delivery of Perishable Foods Project Report of a study on the potential for pathogen growth in home delivered foods. The study included determination of delivery times and temperature profiles for home delivered foods, challenge tests for the growth of Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella on cheese, sliced meat, savoury pastry, fruit, and milk, comparison of challenge test results with predictive models, and application of predictive models to the home delivery data. Appendices include "Temperature measurement trials - comparison of core vs surface temperature measurements," "Temperature profiles for Home deliveries," and "Challenge test results". (more) Publication Month: November 2003	Dec 20, 2004
	Marsden, James L.; Krieger, Eric W.; Schwartz, Lewis I.; Greszler, Alan J.; Sanford, Bill R.	Surface Decontamination of Cooked Sausage and Processed Meat and Poultry Products U.S. patent for a method for decontaminating the surfaces of cooked meats and sausages by application of a decontaminant solution containing peracetic acid. (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, July 27, 2004	Dec 17, 2004
	Byrd, James A.; Stanker, Larry H.; Corrier, Donald E.	System for the Control of Enteropathogenic Bacteria in the Crops of Poultry U.S. patent on a method and compositions for controlling bacterial pathogens in poultry through the use of expanded matrix material provided to the poultry. (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, April 29, 2003	Dec 17, 2004
	Claycamp, H. Gregg; Hooberman, Barry H.	Risk Assessment of Streptogramin Resistance in Enterococcus faecium Attributable to the Use of Streptogramins in Animals: "Virginiamycin Risk Assessment": Draft for Comment Assessment of the risks to human health from failed effectiveness of Synercid against E. faecium as a result of the use of virginiamycin in food animals. (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, November 23, 2004	Dec 3, 2004
	New Zealand Food Safety Authority	One in Three Fridges Could Make You Sick Release regarding a pilot survey of fridge temperatures in New Zealand. Publication Date: Tuesday, November 23, 2004	Nov 30, 2004
	Huss, H.H.; Ababouch, L.; Gram, L.	Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality Report on risk assessment and management issues associated with seafood. Includes discussion of world seafood production and consumption, food safety systems, hazard identification and characterization, and risk management strategies such as HACCP, FSOs, microbiological criteria, traceability, and more. Appendices include "Assessment of Food Safety Programmes," "Hazard Analysis Worksheet," "HACCP Plan Form," and "Generic HACCP Plan for the Production and Processing of Oysters". (more) Publication Year: 2003	Nov 18, 2004
	Environmental Protection Agency	Bacillus Pumilus Strain QST 2808; Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance Final rule that exempts Bacillus pumilis strain QST 2808 from a residue tolerance requirement when used under certain conditions. Includes discussion of the toxicological profile, aggregate exposures, cumulative effects, and determination of safety. (more) Publication Date: Wednesday, November 3, 2004	Nov 4, 2004
	European Union Risk Analysis Information Network	Risk Assessment Database Database of data and study outcomes related to food safety risk assessment. Includes information on Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica and Staphylococcus aureus in beef, pork, lamb, poultry, milk, and vegetables. Includes such study types as base line, growth, survival, dose response, and life style. Access to raw data files is limited to those who have submitted data. (more)	Oct 8, 2004
	Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission	On a Generic Approach to the Safety Assessment of Micro-organisms Used in Feed/Food and Feed/Food Production This document outllines a qualified presumption of safety (QPS) system, similar to the GRAS system, for the safety assessment of microorganisms in foods and feeds in Europe. Example applications of QPS are provided for dairy lactobacilli and Bacillus subtilis and related bacteria. (more)	Sep 15, 2004
	Lake, Rob; Hudson, Andrew; Cressey, Peter/Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited	Risk Profile: Bacillus spp. in Rice Profile of the risks associated with Bacillus cereus in rice in New Zealand. Includes each step of a qualitative risk assessment as well as other information that will be useful for risk management. Also includes an appendix entitled "Categories for Risk Profiles". (more) Publication Month: February 2004	Sep 7, 2004
	Lake, Rob; Hudson, Andrew; Cressey, Peter/Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited	Risk Profile: Yersinia enterocolitica in Pork Profile of the risks associated with Yersinia enterocolitica in pork in New Zealand. Includes each step of a qualitative risk assessment as well as other information that will be useful for risk management. Also includes an appendix entitled "Categories for Risk Profiles". (more) Publication Month: March 2004	Sep 7, 2004
	Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited	Microbial Pathogen Data Sheets Fact sheets on foodborne pathogens. Sections include "The Organism/Toxin," "Growth and Its Control," "The Illness," "Sources," "Outbreaks and Incidents," "Adequate Processing Guidelines," and others. Fact sheets may be available for Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium parvum, enteric viruses, E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 STEC, Giardia intestinalis, hepatitis A virus, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis, Norwalk-like viruses, Salmonella Typhi, non-typhoid Salmonellae, scombroid poisoning, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Yersinia enterocolitica. (more)	Sep 7, 2004
	National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods, Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Potential Scientific Parameters that Must be Considered to Establish Global Dates for Refrigerated Ready-to-Eat Foods This document discusses issues related to the development of safety-based use-by date labels for ready-to-eat foods. Publication Date: Thursday, March 7, 2002	Sep 3, 2004
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food --- Selected Sites, United States, 2003 This article discusses 2003 surveillance data for Campylobacter, E. coli O157, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora cayetanensis. Comparisons are made for data from 1996-2003. (more) Publication Date: Wednesday, April 30, 2003	May 3, 2004
	Snyder, O. Peter, Jr.	HACCP-based Fingertip Rinse Procedure Report of a study of the effectiveness of a fingertip rinse procedure for reducing bacteria on fingers during food preparation. (more) Publication Month: March 2004	Mar 18, 2004
	Nauta, Maarten J.; Litman, Sonia; Barker, Gary C.; Carlin, Fr?d?ric	Retail and Consumer Phase Model for Exposure Assessment of Bacillus cereus Report of an exposure assessment for Bacillus cereus in a cooked chilled vegetable product. Subscription or purchase is required to access the full text. (more) Publication Date: Sunday, June 15, 2003	Jun 5, 2003
	Doyle, M. Ellin	Mycobacterium paratuberculosis -- Another Emerging Pathogen of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract? Review of information on the potential role of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in causing Crohn's Disease. Includes discussion of possible vehicles of transmission. (more) Publication Month: April 1997	May 14, 2003
	Scientific Steering Committee, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission	Risk Assessment of Food Borne Bacterial Pathogens: Quantitative Methodology Relevant for Human Exposure Assessment One report from the SSC Task Force Report on Harmonisation of Risk Assessment Procedures. It discusses methodology for quantitative exposure assessment. Topics discussed include the role of the exposure assessment in the overall process of risk analysis, model development, modeling the food chain, data sources, exposure estimates, and model validation and review. There are also several examples of exposure modeling exercises. (more) Publication Date: Friday, January 17, 2003	Jan 24, 2003
	Matsumura, Philip (Ed.)	Journal of Bacteriology This twice monthly journal publishes articles on bacteria and other microorganisms. Sections include "Molecular Biology of Pathogens," "Enzymes and Proteins," "Population Genetics and Evolution," and many more. Full text is available for articles over six months old. Newer articles require a subscription, but abstracts may be viewed online for free. (more)	Jan 2, 2003
	Liu, Xiumei	Microbiology Risk Assessment in China: Current Situation and Challenges This presentation was given at the 1st International Conference on Microbiological Risk Assessment: Foodborne Hazards, held in Adelphi, MD on July 24-26, 2002. It provides an overview of microbiological risk assessment in China. Data is given on the number of food poisoning outbreaks in China from 1990-1999 by cause, and on mortality rates from 1990-1996 from various foodborne bacteria. There is also a history of Bongkrekic acid (BA) food poisoning in Asia, data on BA food poisoning caused by various foods in China (outbreaks, cases, mortality), BA hazard identification, and risk management considerations. There is an exposure assessment of E. coli from fly feces, and the calculated efficacy of hypothetical risk mitigations strategies. There is hazard identification information for fumonisins, with specific risk assessment data on aflatoxins. Information is presented on sugarcane poisoning, including numbers of outbreaks, cases, and deaths, the implication of Arthrinium spp. as the pathogenic fungus, and risk management considerations. Data is also given on the regulated limits of mycotoxins in China, on ochratoxin A produced by Aspergillus, on mould contamination in various beverages including juices, and on mould contamination in liquid functional food. The pdf version of this presentation is available at here. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, July 25, 2002	Aug 19, 2002
	Institute of Food Science and Technology	Food Safety and Cheese This report describes the hazards to human health associated with cheese. It includes discussion of foodborne outbreaks associated with cheese, the microbiological safety of cheese, control measures, and consumer awareness of health risks associated with cheese. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, April 16, 1998	Aug 9, 2002
	Institute of Food Science and Technology	Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Milk This document provides an overview of M. paratuberculosis, including pathogenicity, potential sources for human infection, association with Crohn's disease, and heat resistance. (more) Publication Date: Wednesday, August 19, 1998	Aug 9, 2002
	Dey, B.P., Ed.	Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook "The Guidebook contains current protocols for analytical tests required by FSIS regulatory activities on meat, poultry and egg products. Specifically, microbiological methods are presented for sample preparation, isolation and identification of the major foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins, meat tissue species identification, and the detection of extraneous materials and antimicrobial residues. Media and reagent formulations, and Most Probable Number Tables are contained in an appendix". (more) Publication Year: 1998	Aug 8, 2002
	Food Safety Laboratory, Cornell University	Pathogen Tracker 2.0 Database on bacterial subtypes, strains, and characteristics, with an emphasis on foodborne pathogens (especially L. monocytogenes) and spoilage organisms. Information in the database includes ribotype patterns, DNA sequence data, and phenotypic data. (more)	Aug 7, 2002
	Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration	Fish and Fisheries Products Hazards and Controls Guidance: Third Edition This report discusses the FDA's thinking on the hazards associated with fish and fishery products and on controls for those hazards. It includes information on developing a HACCP Plan and discussion of such hazards as pathogens from the harvest area, parasites, natural toxins, chemical contaminants, aquaculture drugs, allergens, metal and glass inclusion, and more. (more) Publication Month: June 2001	Aug 7, 2002
	American Medical Association/American Nurses Association-American Nurses Foundation/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration/Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department	Foodborne Illnesses Table: Bacterial Agents Table gives etiology, incubation period, signs and symptoms, duration of illness, associated foods, laboratory testing, and treatment information for a variety of bacterial agents. (more) Publication Month: February 2004	Jul 19, 2002
	Foodborne Outbreak Response and Surveillance Unit, Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Guidelines for Specimen Collection Instructions for collecting stool specimens for bacterial, parasitic, and viral illnesses, including when to collect, how much to collect, method for collection, storage of specimens after collection, and transportation. (more)	Jul 19, 2002
	Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Shigellosis Overview of shigellosis. Includes diagnosis, treatment, exposure, prevention, incidence, risk groups, surveillance, and more. (more)	Jul 17, 2002
	Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Risk Assessment: Bovine Tuberculosis in Australia Risk assessment to evaluate the presence of bovine tuberculosis in Australia.	Jul 10, 2002
	Institute of Food Technologists	Evaluation and Definition of Potentially Hazardous Foods Review of the U.S. Public Health Service/Food and Drug Administration Food Code definition of "potentially hazardous foods." Also included is discussion of the role of temperature in microbial growth and a proposed framework to determine if a food needs time/temperature for safety. (more) Publication Date: Monday, December 31, 2001	Jun 25, 2002
	American College of Rheumatology	American College of Rheumatology Professional organization of rheumatologists and associated health professionals who are interested in arthritis and related disorders. Website includes links to abstracts from past meetings, internet resources, publications, and many more resources for those interested in the effects of foodborne illness or dietary intake on rheumatological problems. (more)	Jun 21, 2002
	Office of Management and Communications, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration	CVM Plans Second Risk Assessment On the Use of Antimicrobials In Food-Producing Animals Announcement of plans for a risk assessment of streptogramin resistant E. faecium in humans that is associated with the use of streptogramins in food-producing animals. The draft version of the risk assessment is available here. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, April 5, 2001	Nov 1, 2001
	Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Pulsenet DNA fingerprinting on potentially foodborne bacteria by a national network of laboratories.	Aug 31, 2001
	Microbiology Network	Culture Collections List of databases on various bacteria and viruses, also biotechnology.	Aug 31, 2001
	Buzby,Jean C.; Roberts, Tanya; Lin, C.T. Jordan; MacDonald, James M.	Bacterial Foodborne Disease: Medical Costs and Productivity Losses Paper on the economic consequences of bacterial foodborne disease in the US. Publication Month: August 1996	Aug 31, 2001
	Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration	Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: The "Bad Bug Book" Handbook with information on foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins, including information on the associated disease, associated foods, target populations, outbreaks, and more. Appendices include "Infective dose," "Epidemiology summary table," "Factors affecting microbial growth in foods," "Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, United States 1988-1992," and "Additional Foodborne Disease Outbreak Articles and Databases". (more) Publication Month: January 1992	Aug 31, 2001
	Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch Information on and links to the branch's various activities in the control and prevention of foodborne bacterial and diarrheal illness. (more)	Aug 31, 2001
	Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Baseline Data Collection Program Baseline microbiological data for foodborne pathogens on animal carcasses.	Aug 31, 2001
	Snyder, Jr., O. Peter	Calculating the Total Growth of Bacteria in Cooked Food Using the FDA Code Controls Tables for calculating length of time cooked foods may be safely kept at various temperatures. Publication Date: Sunday, January 7, 2001	Aug 31, 2001

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