Exposure Pathways

A construct characterizing the range of likely pathways affecting the safety of the food product

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	German BgVV (Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine)	Acrylamide in Foods - Serious Problem or Exaggerated Risk? Berlin, Germany: Report from this information seminar on acrylamide in foods. Topics include history and use of acrylamide, exposure, toxicology, development of analytical methods, acrylamide levels in foods, formation in foods, research on reducing acrylamide, and risk communication. A German- language version of this document is available here. (more) Event Date: Thursday, August 29, 2002 Publication Month: August 2002	Aug 19, 2002
	Institute of Food Science and Technology	AIDS and the Food Handler Information statement on the possibility that AIDS could be transmitted by consuming food handled by an infected food handler. It emphasizes that the transmission of AIDS by food or beverages is not a risk. (more) Publication Month: June 1995	Aug 9, 2002
	Cohen, Joshua, and George Gray	Analysis to Inform Decisions: Evaluating BSE This presentation was given at the 1st International Conference on Microbiological Risk Assessment: Foodborne Hazards, held in Adelphi, MD on July 24-26, 2002. It provides an overview of a model to simulate pathways for cattle-derived BSE in U.S. cattle or in the human food supply and the effects that BSE in the U.S. system would have over time. Included is information on BSE infectivity, and sample simulation results are shown. The pdf version of this presentation is available here. (more) Publication Date: Friday, July 26, 2002	Aug 22, 2002
	Brady, Gabrielle; Kelly, John	The Assessment of the Public Health Risk Associated with the Simultaneous Handling of Food and Money in the Food Industry Report of a study of the levels of Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and coagulase positive Staphylococci on money and foods in food establishments. (more)	Dec 20, 2004
	Environmental Protection Agency	Avermectin B1 and its delta-8,9-isomer; Pesticide Tolerance Final rule establishing a tolerance for the combined residues of the insecticide/miticide avermectin B1 (a mixture of avermectins), and its delta-8,9-isomer, in or on a variety of foods. Includes discussion of the aggregate risk assessment and determination of safety. (more) Publication Date: Wednesday, February 16, 2005	Mar 1, 2005
	North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation	Children's Health and the Environment in North America: A First Report on Available Indicators and Measures Report on indicators from Canada, the U.S., and Mexico related to children's environmental health. Topics covered include pesticide residues, waterborne diseases, and more. Appendices include "Overview of Recommended Indicators from the CEC Council," "153 Matched Chemicals," and more. Individual country reports are also available. (more) Deadline: Tuesday, January 31, 2006 Publication Year: 2006	Jan 31, 2006
	Environmental Protection Agency	Chlorfenapyr; Pesticide Tolerance Final rule regarding tolerance for residues of 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(ethoxymethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile. (more) Publication Date: Wednesday, January 26, 2005	Feb 4, 2005
	National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency	Database of Sources of Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States Downloadable database of congener specific chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (CDD/CDF) emissions data for all known U.S. sources. Data is associated with the reference years 1995 and 1987. A users' manual and related report are also available from this web page. (more) Publication Month: March 2001	Jan 15, 2004
	National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency	Dioxin Exposure Initiative Ongoing Projects This page links to information on current projects being conducted under EPA's Dioxin Exposure Initiative.	Jan 15, 2004
	National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency	Dioxin Exposure Initiative Publications This page links to EPA publications from its Dioxin Exposure Initiative. Includes publications on sources of dioxins in the US, various exposures including food, and trends. (more)	Jan 15, 2004
	Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC	Empirical Models for the Uptake of Inorganic Chemicals from Soil by Plants This report presents models on the uptake of contaminants from the soil by plants. Most of the study data is based on agricultural crop plants. Contaminants studied include arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. (more) Publication Date: Wednesday, September 23, 1998	Aug 26, 2002
	Environmental Protection Agency	EPA's Roadmap for Mercury Report describing the Environmental Protection Agency's "progress to date in addressing mercury issues domestically and internationally, and outlines EPA's major ongoing and planned actions to address risks associated with mercury." Includes chapters on "Addressing Mercury Releases," "Addressing Mercury Uses in Products and Processes," and "Communicating to the Public about Mercury Exposure Risks." Covers risks related to mercury exposure in fish and in the water supply. (more) Deadline: Sunday, July 9, 2006 Publication Date: Wednesday, July 5, 2006	Jul 9, 2006
	National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency	Example Exposure Scenarios This document presents exposure scenarios for different exposure pathways and demonstrates the application of data from the Exposure Factors Handbook in estimating exposures. For each scenario, an exposure algorithm, exposure factor inputs, calculations, and exposure characterization and uncertainties are presented. Ingestion pathways described include contaminated homegrown vegetables, homegrown tomatoes, beef, dairy products, drinking water, fish, and breastmilk. (more) Publication Month: April 2004	Sep 16, 2004
	Fein, Sara; Levy, Alan; Lando, Amy	Food Safety Survey: Summary of Major Trends in Food Handling Practices and Consumption of Potentially Risky Foods Discussion of results from the Food Safety Survey from 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2001 regarding trends related to cross contamination and consumption of potentially risky foods (including raw clams, oysters, fish, and eggs, steak tartar, and pink hamburger). (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, August 27, 2002	Oct 13, 2004
	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	HazDat Database Database with information on the release of hazardous substances and the effects on human health. Includes contaminants found, contaminant media and maximum concentration levels, impact on population, community health concerns, ATSDR public health threat categorization, and exposure routes. (more)	May 29, 2002
	Schaffner, Don	Modeling Cross-Contamination in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment This presentation was given at the 1st International Conference on Microbiological Risk Assessment: Foodborne Hazards, held in Adelphi, MD on July 24-26, 2002. It describes laboratory experiments for studying cross- contamination, data analysis methods, results, bibliography of their published work, a listing of other research projects on microbial behavior in the kitchen environment, and other recent publications. It also presents other considerations for quantitative microbiological risk assessment associated with cross-contamination, and discusses the future outcomes of these types of studies as a means to improve cross contamination modules used in risk assessments. The pdf version of this presentation is available here. (more) Publication Date: Friday, July 26, 2002	Aug 19, 2002
	New Zealand Food Safety Authority	New Zealand Food Safety Authority Conference Wellington, New Zealand: Presentations from this conference on "Managing Food Risks." Topics discussed included risk profiling, exposure pathways, risk management, risk communication, and related topics. (more) Event Dates: Wednesday, September 29, 2004 - Thursday, September 30, 2004 Publication Date: Thursday, September 30, 2004	Sep 7, 2004
	Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Animal Health and Welfare Panel Related to Assessing the Risk of Foot and Mouth Disease Introduction into the EU from Developing countries; Assessing the Reduction of this Risk through Interventions in Developing Countries / Regions Aiming Opinion adopted on February 5, 2006 resulting from a risk assessment of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the European Union (EU). In three parts, the report addresses the likelihood that FMD outbreaks will occur in the EU, identifies likely origins of FMD introduction to the EU, and discusses how an FMD outbreak can be controlled. (more) Deadline: Wednesday, February 22, 2006 Publication Date: Thursday, February 16, 2006	Feb 22, 2006
	Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the BIOHAZ Panel Related to Campylobacter in Animals and Foodstuffs Opinion adopted on January 27, 2005 regarding categories of foods in which Campylobacter represents a significant risk to public health, possible control options, and data gaps. (more) Publication Date: Friday, April 1, 2005	Apr 2, 2005
	Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the European Food Safety Authority on BSE Risk from Dissemination of Brain Particles in Blood and Carcass Following Stunning Opinion adopted on October 21, 2004 regarding stunning methods and BSE risk in light of new studies. Includes as an annex "Report of the EFSA Working Group on BSE risk from dissemination of brain particles in blood and carcass". (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, December 7, 2004	Dec 9, 2004
	Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Scientific Panel AHAW related with the Migratory Birds and their Possible Role in the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (Question No EFSA-Q-2005-243) Opinion adopted on May 12, 2006 resulting from a qualitative risk assessment of the introduction of Asian lineage H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus by migratory birds into the European Union and the transmission of infection to domestic poultry. (more) Deadline: Wednesday, May 17, 2006 Publication Date: Tuesday, May 16, 2006	May 17, 2006
	Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a Request from the Commission Related to Camphechlor as Undesirable Substance in Animal Feed Opinion adopted on Feb. 1, 2005 regarding this insecticide (AKA toxaphene). This link provides access to both the full report and a summary. (more) Publication Date: Wednesday, February 16, 2005	Feb 16, 2005
	Scientific Steering Committee, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission	Opinion on TSE Infectivity Distribution in Ruminant Tissue (State of Knowledge, December 2001) This document includes tissue infectivity tables related to BSE in cattle, discussion of the head of cattle, sheep and goats as potential specified risk material, infectivity tables related to scrapie in sheep and goats, and a detailed supporting report. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, January 10, 2002	Aug 2, 2002
	Scientific Steering Committee, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission	Opinion on: Hypotheses on the Origin and Transmission of BSE This opinion paper and the supporting reports review current understanding of the responsible agent of BSE, the origin of BSE, BSE transmission pathways, and factors which might increase cattle susceptibility to BSE. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, November 29, 2001	Aug 2, 2002
	United Kingdom Food Standards Agency	Packaging Gets the Acrylamide All-Clear This news release from July 25, 2002, relates the Food Standards Agency’s conclusion regarding the likelihood that paper and board packaging is a source of acrylamide. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, July 25, 2002	Aug 9, 2002
	United Kingdom Food Standards Agency	Paper and Board Packaging: Not Likely to Be a Source of Acrylamide in Food Report of the Food Standards Agency study on the presence of acrylamide in samples of paper and board that may be in contact with food or drink, and of possible migration of acrylamide into food or drink. (more) Publication Month: July 2002	Aug 9, 2002
	Rea, John C.	Preventing Sulfa Residues in Pork This report provides an overview of sulfa residues in pork, and includes tables of approved levels and withdrawal periods for swine feed additives and effects of form and level of sulfa in finisher feed on sulfa residues in pork. There is also a description of swine exposure pathways to sulfa drugs, and a checklist for ways to prevent sulfa residues in pork. (more) Publication Date: Friday, October 1, 1993	Jul 12, 2002
	German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment	Quellen für Acrylamid in Kosmetika (in German) This statement discusses links between cosmetics and acrylamide. Publication Date: Monday, March 24, 2003	Jun 6, 2003
	Reij, M.W.; Aantrekker, E.D. den	Recontamination as a Source of Pathogens in Processed Foods Review that discusses recontamination as an important cause of foodborne illness. Includes discussion of routes and sources for recontamination, techniques for investigation, the incorporation of recontamination into an exposure assessment, and more. (more) Publication Year: 2004	Aug 24, 2004
	Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration	Report of the FDA Retail Food Program Database of Foodborne Illness Risk Factors Report of a program to establish a national baseline on foodborne disease risk factors within the retail food industry. Publication Date: Thursday, August 10, 2000	Aug 7, 2002
	Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Salmonella enteritidis Overview of Salmonella enteritidis. Includes description, exposure pathways, risk, prevention, and more.	Jul 17, 2002
	Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Assessment: Shell Eggs and Egg Products: Final Report Assessment of the risk from Salmonella Enteritidis from shell eggs and egg products. The pathway shown in this risk assessment provides a good example of the many steps (from farm to table) that a pathway analysis must include. (more) Publication Date: Monday, August 10, 1998	Aug 31, 2001
	Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards, European Food Safety Authority	Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on "Food as a Possible Source of Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses for Humans and Other Mammals" (Question No EFSA-Q-2005-295) Background document providing a "scientific analysis of the possibility that food, acting as a vehicle for highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) virus, initiates infection in mammals via the gastrointestinal tract." The report examines "existing pathogenic data on AI virus infection following natural exposure and experimental inoculation in mammals". (more) Deadline: Wednesday, March 29, 2006 Publication Date: Thursday, March 23, 2006	Mar 29, 2006
	Bradley, Ray, and Herbert Budka, TSE BSE Ad Hoc Group, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission	Scientific Report on Stunning Methods and BSE Risks (The Risk of Dissemination of Brain Particles into the Blood and Carcass When Applying Certain Stunning Methods.) This report examines the BSE risk from brain material entering the bloodstream of certain animals during stunning processes. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, December 13, 2001	Aug 2, 2002
	Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, European Food Safety Authority	Scientific Statement on Migratory Birds and Their Possible Role in the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (EFSA-Q-2005-243) Statement adopted April 4, 2006 addressing the risks posed by wild migratory birds in the spread of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. (more) Deadline: Thursday, April 13, 2006 Publication Date: Wednesday, April 12, 2006	Apr 13, 2006
	Aantrekker, Esther den	Summary of "Recontamination in Food Processing - Quantitative Modelling for Risk Assessment" Summary of a thesis on recontamination as an exposure route. The research was funded by Unilever Research and Development, the Netherlands, conducted at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, and supervised by Prof. Mike van Schothorst, Prof. Remko Boom, and Dr. Marcel Zwietering. In the future, the full text will be available here. (more) Publication Year: 2002	Sep 17, 2002
	Schettgen, T., et al.	Trans-placental Exposure of Neonates to Acrylamide - a Pilot Study Short communication on a study of the trans-placental exposure of newborns to acrylamide. Access to the full text may require subscription or purchase. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, January 22, 2004	Jan 27, 2004
	German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment	Two Years Acrylamide - A Stocktaking from the Risk Assessment Angle BfR opinion that addresses issues related to acrylamide in foods, including formation and detection, acrylamide from feedstuffs, exposure, risk, and opportunities for reduction. A German-language version is also available online. (more) Publication Date: Friday, March 19, 2004	Aug 4, 2004

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